Delivering Content

ABSTRACT

Methods and systems are disclosed for delivery of one or more channels of programming in an IP network. An edge gateway device may retrieve segments of programming, based on information in a manifest file, and output the segments via multicast to one or more edge devices. Advertising content may be inserted, or replaced if already present, before the segments are multicast. Segments encoded at various bit rates may be available for retrieval. Segments may be selected for retrieval based in part on a quality indicator associated with each segment.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationSer. No. 62/155,161, filed Apr. 30, 2015 and entitled DELIVERINGCONTENT, the contents which are hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Current information delivery networks often include separate networksoptimized for the delivery of video on demand (VOD) content and for thedelivery of linear programming, such as a real time or broadcasttelevision. The VOD networks are typically IP networks, optimized forHTTP adaptive streaming, in order to deliver video programs to clientdevices upon request. In contrast, linear programming is typicallydelivered via a network optimized for IP multicast of large files. Thenetworks used for multicast distribution of linear programming may needto be secured to prevent reception by unauthorized users. In some typesof networks, the information may be delivered to edge devices whichperform modulation, for example quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM),for delivery to gateway interface devices, such as set top boxes.

The use of these separate networks incurs a cost to the network providerfor hardware and maintenance, and increases the complexity of networkoperations. In addition, operating multiple types of networks makes itdifficult to efficiently utilize available network bandwidth.

It would be an improvement in operating cost and efficiency if these andother services could be packaged more efficiently, taking into accountreal time network conditions, and offered over a simplified network.

SUMMARY

In light of the foregoing background, the following presents asimplified summary of the present disclosure in order to provide a basicunderstanding of some aspects described herein. This summary is not anextensive overview, and is not intended to identify key or criticalelements or to delineate the scope of the claims. The following summarymerely presents various described aspects in a simplified form as aprelude to the more detailed description provided below.

In some aspects of the disclosure, an edge gateway device in aninformation delivery network may retrieve content from a server andprovide the content to an edge device. In some embodiments, the contentmay be available as segments of media encoded at various bit rates, eachhaving an associated quality indicator. In an embodiment, the edgegateway device may select a segment for providing to the edge device,based in part on the quality indicator. In some embodiments, the edgegateway device may select a segment for providing to the edge device,based in part on bandwidth available in the network path to the edgedevice.

In aspects of the disclosure, the content may be linear programmingcontent, such as one or more linear channels. In other aspects, thecontent may be non-linear, such as VOD content. A manifest file mayprovide pointers, such as URLs, for locating segments of the content forretrieval. In some aspects, information about the quality of the encodedcontent may be included in the manifest file and this information may beused in determining the segments to retrieve.

In some embodiments, one or more content segments may be replaced withlocally available segments, such as local commercial advertising.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some features herein are illustrated by way of example, and not by wayof limitation, in the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, likenumerals reference similar elements between the drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example information access and distributionnetwork in accordance with one or more aspects as described herein.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example computing device that may be used toimplement any of the features and devices described herein.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example network configuration in accordance withone or more aspects as described herein.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example edge gateway in accordance with one ormore aspects as described herein.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example edge gateway configuration in an examplenetwork in accordance with one or more aspects as described herein.

FIGS. 6-8 are example flow charts illustrating methods performed inaccordance with one or more aspects as described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description of various illustrative embodiments,reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a parthereof, and in which is shown, by way of illustration, variousembodiments in which aspects of the disclosure may be practiced. It isto be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structuraland functional modifications may be made, without departing from thescope of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example information distribution network 100 onwhich many of the various features described herein may be implemented.The network 100 may be any type of information distribution network,such as satellite, telephone, cellular, wireless, etc. One example maybe a wireless network, an optical fiber network, a coaxial cablenetwork, or a hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) distribution network. Suchnetworks 100 use a series of interconnected communication links 101(e.g., coaxial cables, optical fibers, wireless, etc.) to connectmultiple premises 102 (e.g., businesses, homes, consumer dwellings,etc.) to a local office 103 (e.g., a headend, a processing facility,etc.). The local office 103 may transmit downstream information signalsonto the links 101, and each premises 102 may have a receiver used toreceive and process those signals.

There may be one link 101 originating from the local office 103, and itmay be split a number of times to distribute the signal to variouspremises 102 in the vicinity (which may be many miles) of the localoffice 103. The links 101 may include components not illustrated, suchas splitters, filters, amplifiers, etc. to help convey the signalclearly, but in general each split introduces a bit of signaldegradation. Portions of the links 101 may also be implemented withfiber-optic cable, while other portions may be implemented with coaxialcable, other lines, or wireless communication paths.

The local office 103 may include an interface 104, such as a terminationsystem (TS), for example a cable modem termination system (CMTS) in anexample of an HFC-type network, which may be a computing deviceconfigured to manage communications between devices on the network oflinks 101 and backend devices such as servers 105-107 (to be discussedfurther below). In the example of an HFC-type network, the TS may be asspecified in a standard, such as the Data Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) standard, published by Cable TelevisionLaboratories, Inc. (a.k.a. CableLabs), or it may be a similar ormodified device instead. The TS may be configured to place data on oneor more downstream frequencies to be received by modems at the variouspremises 102, and to receive upstream communications from those modemson one or more upstream frequencies. The local office 103 may alsoinclude one or more network interfaces 108, which can permit the localoffice 103 to communicate with various other external networks 109.These networks 109 may include, for example, Internet Protocol (IP)networks Internet devices, telephone networks, cellular telephonenetworks, fiber optic networks, local wireless networks (e.g., WiMAX),satellite networks, and any other desired network, and the interface 108may include the corresponding circuitry needed to communicate on thenetwork 109, and to other devices on the network such as a cellulartelephone network and its corresponding wireless devices 117 (e.g.,smart phones).

As noted above, the local office 103 may include a variety of servers105-107 that may be configured to perform various functions. Forexample, the local office 103 may include a push notification server105. The push notification server 105 may generate push notifications todeliver data and/or commands to the various premises 102 in the network(or more specifically, to the devices in the premises 102 that areconfigured to detect such notifications). The local office 103 may alsoinclude a content server 106. The content server 106 may be one or morecomputing devices that are configured to provide content to users in thehomes. This content may be, for example, video on demand movies,television programs, songs, audio, services, information, text listings,etc. In some embodiments, the content server 106 may include software tovalidate (or initiate the validation of) user identities andentitlements, locate and retrieve (or initiate the locating andretrieval of) requested content, encrypt the content, and initiatedelivery (e.g., streaming, transmitting via a series of contentfragments) of the content to the requesting user and/or device.

The local office 103 may also include one or more application servers107. An application server 107 may be a computing device configured tooffer any desired service, and may run various languages and operatingsystems (e.g., servlets and JSP pages running on Tomcat/MySQL, OSX, BSD,Ubuntu, Red Hat Linux, HTML5, JavaScript, AJAX and COMET). For example,an application server may be responsible for collecting televisionprogram listings information and generating a data download forelectronic program guide listings. Another application server may beresponsible for monitoring user media habits and collecting thatinformation for use in selecting advertisements. Another applicationserver may be responsible for formatting and inserting advertisements ina video stream and/or content item being transmitted to the premises102. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the sameapplication server may be responsible for one or more of the abovelisted responsibilities.

An example premises 102a may include an interface 110 (such as a modem,or another receiver and/or transmitter device suitable for a particularnetwork), which may include transmitters and receivers used tocommunicate on the links 101 and with the local office 103. Theinterface 110 may be, for example, a coaxial cable modem (for coaxialcable lines 101), a fiber interface node (for fiber optic lines 101), orany other desired modem device. The interface 110 may be connected to,or be a part of, a gateway interface device 111. The gateway interfacedevice 111 may be a computing device that communicates with theinterface 110 to allow one or more other devices in the home tocommunicate with the local office 103 and other devices beyond the localoffice. The gateway interface device 111 may be a set-top box (STB),digital video recorder (DVR), computer server, or any other desiredcomputing device. The gateway interface device 111 may also include (notshown) local network interfaces to provide communication signals toother devices in the home (e.g., user devices), such as televisions 112,additional STBs 113, personal computers 114, laptop computers 115,wireless devices 116 (wireless laptops, tablets and netbooks, mobilephones, mobile televisions, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc.),telephones 125, window security sensors 118, door home security sensors119, tablet computers 120, personal activity sensors 121, video cameras122, motion detectors 123, microphones 124, and/or any other desiredcomputers, sensors, and/or other devices. Examples of the local networkinterfaces may include Multimedia Over Coax Alliance (MoCA) interfaces,Ethernet interfaces, universal serial bus (USB) interfaces, wirelessinterfaces (e.g., IEEE 802.11), Bluetooth interfaces, and others.

FIG. 2 illustrates general hardware elements of an example computingdevice 200 that can be used to implement any of the elements discussedherein and/or illustrated in the figures. The computing device 200 mayinclude one or more processors 201, which may execute instructions of acomputer program to perform any of the features described herein. Theinstructions may be stored in any type of computer-readable medium ormemory, to configure the operation of the processor 201. For example,instructions may be stored in a read-only memory (ROM) 202, randomaccess memory (RAM) 203, removable media 204, such as a Universal SerialBus (USB) drive, compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disk (DVD),floppy disk drive, or any other desired electronic storage medium.Instructions may also be stored in an attached (or internal) storage 205(e.g., hard drive, flash, etc.). The computing device 200 may includeone or more output devices, such as a display 206 (or an externaltelevision), and may include one or more output device controllers 207,such as a video processor. There may also be one or more user inputdevices 208, such as a remote control, keyboard, mouse, touch screen,microphone, camera, etc. The computing device 200 may also include oneor more network interfaces, such as input/output circuits 209 (such as anetwork card) to communicate with an external network 210. The networkinterface may be a wired interface, wireless interface, or a combinationof the two. In some embodiments, the interface 209 may include a modem(e.g., a cable modem), and the network 210 may include the communicationlinks 101 discussed above, the external network 109, an in-home network,a provider's wireless, coaxial, fiber, or hybrid fiber/coaxialdistribution system (e.g., a DOCSIS network), or any other desirednetwork.

The FIG. 2 example is an example hardware configuration. Modificationsmay be made to add, remove, combine, divide, etc. components as desired.Additionally, the components illustrated may be implemented using basiccomputing devices and components, and the same components (e.g.,processor 201, storage 202, user interface 205, etc.) may be used toimplement any of the other computing devices and components describedherein. For example, the various components herein may be implementedusing computing devices having components such as a processor executingcomputer-executable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium,as illustrated in FIG. 2.

One or more aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in computer-usabledata and/or computer-executable instructions, such as in one or moreprogram modules, executed by one or more computers (such as computingdevice 200) or other devices to perform any of the functions describedherein. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects,components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks orimplement particular abstract data types when executed by a processor ina computer or other data processing device. The computer executableinstructions may be stored on one or more computer readable media suchas a hard disk, optical disk, removable storage media, solid statememory, RAM, etc. The functionality of the program modules may becombined or distributed as desired in various embodiments. In addition,the functionality may be embodied in whole or in part in firmware orhardware equivalents such as integrated circuits, field programmablegate arrays (FPGA), and the like. Example data structures may be used toillustrate one or more aspects described herein, but these are merelyillustrative examples.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example network configuration 300 in accordancewith one or more aspects as described herein. In some embodiments,channels or other programming may be received at transcoder 302, forexample, by wired or wireless means. For example, channels may bereceived via one or more antennas, receivers or via a cable such as acoaxial cable. In some embodiments, transcoder 302 may transcode thechannels into encoded streams of digital data according to the MPEG-4standard. For example, transcoder 302 may perform adaptive bit rate(ABR) MPEG-4 transcoding. In some embodiments, transcoder 302 mayprovide an encoding function, for example, when a channel is received asan analog channel. In some embodiments, the transcoder may providemultiple encoded streams for a particular channel. For example, thetranscoder may output three streams of data for a particular channel,where each stream may have a different bit rate encoding. Continuing theexample, the transcoder may output encoded streams having bit rates of6250 kbps, 3480 kbps and 1663 kbps, for example. Those skilled in theart will realize that any number of streams may be output by thetranscoder for a particular channel, and the content of a channel may beencoded at various bit rates.

In some embodiments, the bit rate used for encoding by the transcoder302 may depend on the type of content or a quality of the content. Inother examples, the bit rate may be selected based on the intended useof the resulting encoded content. For example, various bit rateencodings may be used to create streams of content appropriate forpresentation on a range of devices, including the wireless devices 116and televisions 112 of FIG. 1. A channel may include audio and videocontent. Audio and video content may be encoded at the same bit rate orthey may be encoded at different bit rates.

One or more of the encoded streams output by the transcoder 302 may beprovided to a packager 304. In some embodiments, the packager 304 maypackage one or more encodings of a transcoded channel according to theDynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (MPEG-DASH) specification. In someembodiments, the packager 304 may divide an encoded stream into segmentsof equal play time, for example, 2 second segments, and provide thesegments to an origin server 306 for storage and for retrieval by theedge gateway 320. The number of bits in any segment may depend on thebit rate encoding used by the transcoder in creating the stream. For anychannel, segments may be created of each bit rate encoded stream.

The packager 304 may create a manifest file, also be referred to as amedia presentation description (MPD) file, which may provide segmentinformation, including one or more pointers, such as URLs, that indicateaccess locations for the segments, including segments from each bit rateencoded stream. In some embodiments, the packager 304 may associate aquality indicator with each segment and include the quality indicator inthe manifest file as segment information, for example as metadata, suchas by use of the Extensible Markup Language (XML) standard. The qualityindicator may provide an indication of the quality of the video encodingof a segment and may be determined based on the scene complexity of thesegment and the encoding bit rate of the segment. A more complex scenemay require a higher bit rate encoding in order to maintain a particularlevel of quality. For example, a fast motion sports scene may require ahigher bit rate encoding in order to have the same level of quality as asegment containing little motion. In other embodiments, an indicatorindicative of a scene complexity, such as a complexity score, may beprovided instead of the quality indicator. In these embodiments, thecomplexity score may be associated with a portion of content or with themedia encodings of the portion of content. A quality indicator, or aquality value representative of the quality level, may be determined forthe portion based on the complexity score and the bit rate associatedwith the encoding of the portion (e.g. one or more segments).

In various embodiments, the quality indicator may be represented by anumeric value, for example, ranging from 1 to 10 or 1 to 100, or anyother numeric or alphanumeric range. For example, a quality indicator of1 may indicate a low quality encoding while a quality indicator of 100may indicate a high quality encoding.

In some embodiments, the packager 304 may determine the quality of oneor more segments by analyzing the content of the segments. In otherembodiments, the transcoder 302 may determine the quality of variousportions of a content stream and provide information about the qualityto the packager 304. For example, the transcoder 302 may provide qualityindicators and timing data to inform the packager 304 about changes inthe quality level that may occur at certain timing points in aparticular encoding of a content stream and the packager 304 may use theinformation when generating the manifest file. In some embodiments, thetranscoder 302 may provide complexity scores and timing data related tothe content to the packager 304 for use in determining qualityindicators to associate with various portions of the content. In stillother embodiments, a computing device may perform portions of thetranscoding and packaging functions and may determine the qualityindicators for various segments as they are encoded and the segments arecreated.

The manifest file and segments may be stored on an origin server 306 forretrieval. In some embodiments, the manifest file may be updatedcontinuously as the encoded streams are received by the packager 304 andsegments are created, and the edge gateway 320 may fetch the manifestfile repeatedly, in order to retrieve the latest information, such asthe location of the most recently created segments.

In some embodiments, more than one manifest file may be created by thepackager for a particular channel. For example, the packager may createa manifest file for a channel that may carry a sports program which maynot be allowed to be provided to a particular region. For example, abaseball game may be blacked out in the city where the game is beingplayed. In such examples, the packager 304 may create a second manifest,based on an alternate channel, to provide alternate content to theblacked out region. In other embodiments, a manifest file may bemodified by another device, for example, an origin server may modify amanifest file in order to provide a particular modification, such as forproviding alternate content, including different advertisements.

A client device, for example, a DASH client, may obtain accessinformation for the segments from the manifest file. In someembodiments, a client device may select among the various bit rateencoded segments for any particular time period. It should be understoodby those skilled in the art that the segments, once created by thepackager 304, may be stored or cached at various places in the network(for example, at edge cache 316, or at content router 314) in order toprovide various benefits, such as to increase the efficiency of thenetwork.

In some embodiments, the processes of encoding and packaging may occurwithout request from another device. In other embodiments, the processesmay occur responsive to a request for a channel or other content fromanother device. In some embodiments, the segmenting of the transcodedchannel by the packager may be done in a “just in time” manner where anytime delay between the reception of the encoded stream and the output ofthe segments is minimized.

In some embodiments, segments created by the packager 304 may beencrypted before storing. In these embodiments, a license server and keymanager 318 may provide encoding keys, decoding keys or a license foruse of the content.

In some embodiments, an ad server 308 may provide storage foradvertisements to be used in conjunction with the channel. Theadvertisements may be stored as segments, for example, as 2 secondsegments of content, and each segment may have a quality indicatorassociated with the segment. The manifest file created by the packager304 may provide URLs, or other pointers, pointing to advertisementsstored on the ad server 308 and the manifest file may include anindication of the quality of each segment. As is known by those skilledin the art, a channel may include a time slot or otherwise an allowanceof time in which advertisements may be inserted without harming theviewing experience. For example, it is well known for a sporting eventto pause the action to allow for a commercial break. Indicators for thecommercial breaks may be detected by the packager 304 and advertisementsmay be inserted during the time provided for the commercial break.

One or more edge gateways 320 may request channel content of one or morechannels. In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may request content,without receiving a request for the channel from an edge device. Forexample, the edge gateway 320 may be configured to request certaincontent, such as a national broadcast network linear channel, withoutreceiving a request for the content from an edge device. In otherembodiments, the edge gateway 320 may request content in response toreceiving a request for the channel from an edge device 330.

The edge gateway 320 may request content through the use of HTTPstreaming, for example, by making requests conforming to the MPEG DASHspecification. According to the MPEG-DASH specification, an MPEG-DASHcontent server may provide a list of available segment URLs in a MediaPresentation Description (MPD) manifest file, requested by a DASHclient. The DASH client may then request the segments using the URLsfrom the MPD file as required in order to provide playback of the mediacontent.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may locate an origin server306 providing content for a particular channel by use of a DNS (DomainName System) lookup. For example, a national television network channelmay have one or more origin servers 306 storing content of the channel.In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may perform a DNS lookup usinga name of the channel in order to locate an origin server 306. In someembodiments, the edge gateway may be pre-configured with origin serveraccess information. In such embodiments, the edge gateway may access theorigin server without a DNS lookup.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway may request a manifest file for aparticular channel. Since the manifest file for channels may be updatedcontinuously, the edge gateway 320 may fetch the manifest filerepeatedly, for example, at timed intervals, in order to retrieve aversion with updated information. The timed interval may be based on theelapsed time since the previous fetch or it may be based on informationcontained within the manifest file itself, for example, a fetchfrequency or an interval to the next fetch of the manifest file.

In some embodiments, the manifest file may contain links or pointers tosegments of the content of the channel at various bit rate encodings.Once the edge gateway has retrieved the manifest file, pointers, such asURLs, for a various content segments may be read from the manifest file.The edge gateway 320 may request one or more of the content segments.Upon receipt of the content segment(s), the edge gateway may transmitthe segments via IP multicast, IP unicast, or broadcast to one or moreedge devices 330. In some embodiments, the edge gateway may defragmentor otherwise assemble the content segments into one or more contentstreams before transmitting the content to the edge devices 330.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may perform decryption ofreceived content. For example, if the manifest file or content segmentshave been encrypted during the packaging process, the edge gateway 320may decrypt them. Any license or decryption keys may be retrieved by theedge gateway from a license server and/or a key manager 318.

In some embodiments, the manifest file may contain information aboutadvertising segments. In such embodiments, the edge gateway may parsethe manifest file and choose among alternate advertisement segments. Forexample, the manifest file may contain URLs or other pointers pointingto content of a number of advertisements, each appropriate for adifferent geographical region. The edge gateway 320 retrieve one or moreof the advertisements for the region in which the edge gateway 320 islocated or for the one or more regions served by the edge gateway 320.

After retrieving the content, the edge gateway 320 may manipulate thecontent. For example, if the received content is encrypted, the edgegateway may decrypt the content before performing packet replacement orbefore sending the content to one or more edge devices 330. In variousembodiments, the edge gateway 320 may add segments or remove or replacesegments of the content before transmitting the segments to an edgedevice 330. For example, it may be determined that one or more segmentsmay be replaceable with segments containing locally appropriateinformation, such as a local advertisement. In some embodiments, thereceived content may contain information indicating the position of anadvertisement and the edge gateway 320 may replace segments of theadvertisement with segments of a local advertisement. In otherembodiments, the received content may contain an ad boundary indicatorwhich may indicate a segment insertion opportunity where one or moresegments may be added by the edge gateway 320, for example to introducea local advertisement or other content, depending on the embodiment. Insome embodiments, the manifest file may include a boundary marker orother indication that a segment may have been omitted. In someembodiments, the edge gateway may communicate with another device, suchas ad router 312 in communication with the ad decision system 310, inorder to receive advertisements in order to insert the localadvertisement into the content, for example, at the position marked bythe boundary marker or in a position where a segment has been omitted.In some embodiments, the edge gateway may retrieve an advertisementdirectly from an advertising server. In various embodiments, theadvertisements may be regional advertisements, local or nationaladvertisements. It should be understood that while the examplespresented may relate to the replacement of advertisements, any othercontent may be replaced using the methods disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway may fetch segments from allchannels that may be offered to the edge devices 330 to meet the needsof users served by those edge devices. For example, if a particular edgedevice 330 provides content to a number of users and the union ofchannels available to those users is a particular set, then the edgegateway 320 may fetch segments for each of the channels in the set andtransmit them to the edge device 330 for subsequent transmission to thegateway interface device 332, located at a user premises, such as theuser premises 102a of FIG. 1. In other embodiments, the edge device 330may communicate information to the edge gateway 320 about a subset ofchannels being watched or otherwise consumed by users or devices at auser premises and the edge gateway 320 may fetch segments for only thosechannels, for example, in order to conserve network bandwidth.

In embodiments in which multiple edge gateways 320 are provided in anetwork, each edge gateway 320 may fetch different segments based on thechannels required by the users associated with edge devices served bythe edge gateway 320.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may determine to retrievecontent of particular channels based on information received from agateway interface device 332, an edge device 330 or from another devicein the networks 100 or 300.

In some embodiments, the edge devices 330 may receive streams of contentsegments over UDP/IP and transmit/modulate the received streams ontofrequency channels to devices at user premises, such as a gatewayinterface device 332. For example, the edge device 330 may performre-multiplexing and modulation of the received content segments as anMPEG-2 Multiple Program Transport Stream (MPTS) over QAM. The gatewayinterface device 332 may be tuned to the channel, for example, by auser, in order to receive the content of the channel.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may perform a statisticalmultiplexing function, for example, to manage bandwidth on the networkor communication pathway between the edge gateway 320 and one or moreedge devices 330. The edge gateway 320 may determine a utilization ofthe network between the edge gateway 320 and the edge devices 330 anduse the result of the determination in deciding which of the various bitrate encoded content segments to fetch and transmit to the edge devices330. The edge gateway 320 may use information in a manifest file duringstatistical multiplexing. In some embodiments, the manifest file maycontain a segment manifest, showing bit rates and segments sizes ofvarious segments. Using the information in the manifest file, the edgegateway 320 may perform statistical multiplexing, choosing among varioussegment sizes and segment bit rates. In some embodiments, the edgegateway 320 may request multiple versions of a segment beforedetermining which of the multiple versions to provide to the edgedevices 330. In other embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may retrieve asingle version of a content segment.

In various embodiments, the segment sizes chosen by the edge gateway 320may vary within a channel and/or the segment sizes may be differentamong different channels. For example, segments of one bit rate encodingmay be chosen for a period of time on one channel and segments of asecond bit rate encoding may be chosen during a later period. Duringeither period of time, segments chosen for another channel may or maynot have the same bit rate encoding.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may determine to retrieve andtransmit segments of content from various channels in order to managethe quality of content distributed to one or more edge devices 330 whilestaying within a determined network or communication pathway bandwidththreshold. This may be referred to as Adaptive Bit Rate multiplexing(ABR multiplexing). In ABR multiplexing, the edge gateway 320 maydetermine a quality level to be used in outputting content and selectsegments for retrieval and distribution having the determined qualitylevel. In some embodiments, segments of a content stream may be selectedto maintain a particular quality level. For example, segments may beselected based in part on the quality identifier so that a constantlevel of quality may be maintained throughout distribution of a contentitem and/or channel. This may lead to the retrieval and transmission ofsegments having differing bit rate encodings. For example, for aparticular quality level, segments containing encoded video of morecomplex scenes may have a higher bit rate encoding while segmentscontaining encoded video of less complex scenes may have a lower bitrate encoding.

In some embodiments, the ABR multiplexing function may be based in parton the utilization, or an expected utilization, of a communicationpathway between the edge gateway 320 and the edge devices 330. Forexample, if it is determined that the bandwidth utilization of thecommunication pathway has reached a threshold, edge gateway 320 mayretrieve and transmit segments having a lower quality in order to reducethe bandwidth utilization of the communication pathway. In variousembodiments, a lower quality level may be determined for retrieval andtransmission of segments of a particular content item or channel, for aparticular user, or for a particular geographic region associated withintended recipients of the segments. For example, it may be determinedthat certain channels are popular in particular geographic regions andthose channels may be maintained at a higher quality level while othersmay be reduced.

In some embodiments, the edge gateway 320 may retrieve and transmitsegments based in part on information indicative of the scene complexityassociated with a portion of content. If it is determined that theportion of content has a high scene complexity, then a segment having ahigher bit rate encoding may be retrieved and transmitted. If it isdetermined that the portion of content has a low scene complexity, thena segment having a lower bit rate encoding may be retrieved andtransmitted. In this manner, the communication pathway bandwidth, forexample on an output network, may be efficiently utilized withoutnegatively impacting the user experience.

Various methods may be used to determine, in order to conserve bandwidthon an output network, which content segments may be distributed withlower quality and which may be distributed with higher quality. In someembodiments, all content segments being distributed may be distributedat a lower quality level. In other embodiments, a popularity of one ormore content items may be determined and less popular content items maybe distributed with a lower quality level than the quality level usedfor distributing more popular content items. For example, if it isdetermined that a large number of users are consuming a first programwhile a small number of users are consuming a second program, the edgegateway 320 may determine to retrieve and transmit segments of thesecond program with a lower quality level as compared to the qualitylevel of the segments of the first program.

In some embodiments, the decision as to what quality level is determinedfor a particular program may depend on various other factors, includingthe type of the program, the title of the program, the genre of theprogram, whether or not the program contains live content, viewingstatistics of the program, or it may depend on a service level agreementassociated with a particular user.

In some embodiments, ABR multiplexing may be used to enable the outputnetwork to carry more channels or program streams. For example, if theedge gateway 320 is distributing a number of programs at a maximumquality level based on the network utilization, and if it is determinedthat another program should be distributed, then the edge gateway 320may reduce the quality of one or more programs in order to allow theadditional program to be distributed via the network.

In some embodiments, edge gateway 320 may retrieve and transmit segmentsof advertisements having the same quality level as the program in whichthey interrupt or edge gateway 320 may retrieve and transmit segments ofadvertisements having a quality level different from that of theprogram. In some embodiments, edge gateway 320 may retrieve and transmitsegments of advertisements having various quality levels, based on thenetwork utilization.

In some embodiments, the edge device 330 may join one or more multicastgroups in order to receive content segments from the edge gateway 320.The edge device 330 may receive content segments associated with variouschannels. The edge device 330 may modulate the data of the contentsegments and transmit them for reception by a QAM tuner or any othertype of tuner, such as may be provided by gateway interface device 332,which may correspond to the gateway interface device 111 of FIG. 1.

In some embodiments, edge device 330 may be configured to send a requestfor a channel to the edge gateway 320. In some embodiments, the gatewayinterface device 332 may send a request to the edge device 330 for aparticular channel. For example, a user may tune the gateway interfacedevice 332 to a particular channel to watch programming. In response,the gateway interface device 332 may communicate with the edge device330 to inform it about the channel requested by the user. In response,the edge device 330 may communicate with the edge gateway 320 to informit that a particular channel has been requested.

In some embodiments, a network may be simplified by the addition of anedge gateway 320. In some embodiments, existing edge devices 330 may notneed to be modified when an edge gateway 320 is introduced into thenetwork. For example, when existing edge devices 330 have beenconfigured to receive streaming content via one or more multicastgroups, the edge gateway 320 may be configured to transmit the contentto those same multicast groups.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example functional depiction of an edge gateway400 in accordance with one or more aspects as described herein. The edgegateway 400 may comprise a number of components or functions. Forexample, the edge gateway 400 may include a DASH client 410 forretrieving manifest files and segments of content from an origin server306.

The edge gateway 400 may include a manifest parser 420 for parsingand/or manipulating a manifest file. In some embodiments, the manifestfile may be parsed to determine segment access information, segment bitrate encoding values, segment quality indicators, scene complexityscores and other information about content segments. In someembodiments, information associated with locating advertisementboundaries may be parsed from a manifest file. For example, thisinformation may be used to enable replacement of an advertisement orinsertion of an advertisement at the appropriate position in an outputstream.

The edge gateway 400 may include a decryptor 430. The decryptor maydecrypt segments that have been previously encrypted. Decrypted segmentsmay be manipulated or replaced with alternate segments before thetransmission of the segments by the edge gateway. In some embodiments,the decrypted segments may be encrypted before transmission of thesegments by the edge gateway. License server & key manager 318 may becommunicated with in order to obtain credentials for use in decryptingor encrypting a segment.

Ad splicer 440 may insert, remove or replace advertisements, forexample, as segments of content. In some embodiments, a localadvertisement may be added to the output stream, for example, in aposition marked for ad insertion, as indicated in a manifest file. Inanother embodiment, a received segment may be discarded and replacedwith a segment obtained from another source, such as from an ad router312 or ad server 308. In some embodiments, the segment obtained fromanother source may be a portion of a local advertisement.

The edge gateway 400 may include a stat mux 450 (statisticalmultiplexor) for managing network utilization on the output networkbetween the edge gateway 320 and devices receiving content segments fromthe edge gateway 320, for example, edge devices 330 or gateway interfacedevices 332. The stat mux 450 may determine a condition of the outputnetwork and cause the edge gateway 320 to select segments sized torelieve or prevent congestion on the output network. For example, if thestat mux 450 determines that the output network has or may reach abandwidth utilization threshold, the stat mux 450 may cause the edgegateway, for example via communication with the DASH client 410, toselect segments encoded with a lower bit rate.

The edge gateway 400 may include an ABR mux 460 (adaptive bit ratemultiplexor) for managing quality of distributed content and/or networkutilization on the output network between the edge gateway 320 anddevices receiving content segments from the edge gateway 320, forexample, edge devices 330 or gateway interface devices 332. The ABR mux460 may determine a quality level for segments of content and may causethe retrieval and transmission of segments having the determined qualitylevel. In some embodiments, a condition of the output network may causethe edge gateway 320 to select segments having a lower quality level, inorder to relieve or prevent congestion on the output network. Forexample, if the ABR mux 460 determines that the output network has ormay reach a bandwidth utilization threshold, the ABR mux 460 may causethe edge gateway 320, for example via communication with the DASH client410, to select segments having a lower quality.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example edge gateway 520 configuration in examplenetwork 500 in accordance with one or more aspects as described herein.In the example shown, channels may be received at transcoder 502, whichmay transcode the channels each into one or more encoded streams ofdigital data according to the MPEG-4 standard.

Each of the one or more encoded streams output by the transcoder 502 maybe provided to a packager 504 which may package the one or more encodedstreams according to the Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP(MPEG-DASH) specification and create a manifest file and segments foreach channel. In some embodiments, the packager 504 may associate aquality indicator with each segment and include the quality indicator inthe manifest file, for example as metadata, such as by use of the XMLstandard. The manifest file and segments may be stored at an originserver 506. The manifest file and segments may be subsequently cached atedge cache 516, or at content router 514. In some embodiments, segmentscreated by the packager may be encrypted before storing, usinginformation provided by license server and key manager 518. In someembodiments, the manifest file created by the packager 504 may providepointers, such as URLs, pointing to advertisements stored on ad server508.

One or more edge gateways 520 may request the channel content. In someembodiments, the edge gateway 520 may receive a request for content, ora request for a channel, from an edge device 530. In some embodiments, aDASH client 522, of edge gateway 520, may obtain access information forsegments of a channel from the manifest file. The DASH client 522 mayrequest content through the use of HTTP streaming, for example, bymaking requests conforming to the MPEG DASH specification. In someembodiments, the DASH client 522 may select among various bit rateencoded segments for any particular time period of channel content. Theselection of the various segments may be in response to informationprovided by other components of the edge gateway 520, such as inresponse to information provided the stat mux 528 or the ABR mux 534. Invarious embodiments, content segments and/or manifest files requested byDASH client 522 may be retrieved from origin server 506, edge cache 516,or content router 514.

In some embodiments, content received by DASH client 522 may be providedto decryptor 524 to perform decryption of received content. For example,if the manifest file or content segments have been encrypted during thepackaging process, decryptor 524 may decrypt them. Any required licenseor decryption keys may be retrieved by the edge gateway from licenseserver and key manager 518.

In various embodiments, ad splicer 526 may remove or replace segments ofthe content. For example, one or more advertisement segments may bereplaced with alternate advertisement segments. In some embodiments, adsplicer 526 may communicate with ad router 512 or ad decision system510, in order to receive advertisements. In some embodiments, themanifest file may contain information about the locations of advertisingsegments. In such embodiments, a manifest parser (for example, manifestparser 420, of FIG. 4) may parse the manifest file to determine anadvertisement segment location.

Segments of content may be provided to ABR mux 534, which may monitorthe quality level and may receive information about the bandwidthutilization on the communication pathway between the edge gateway 520and the edge devices 530. ABR mux 534 may perform an ABR multiplexingfunction to cause the DASH client 522 to select segments of particularquality levels, as described above. In some embodiments, the ABR mux 534may cause the DASH client to select segments having a particular qualityidentifier or a particular scene complexity and bit rate encoding.

Segments of content may be provided to stat mux 528, which may transmitthe segments via IP multicast, unicast or broadcast to one or more edgedevices 530. Stat mux 528 may perform a statistical multiplexingfunction to manage bandwidth on the network between the edge gateway andone or more edge devices 330. For example, the stat mux 528 maydetermine a utilization of the communication pathway between the edgegateway 520 and the edge devices 530 and provide information to DASHclient 522 for use in deciding which of the various bit rate encodedcontent segments to fetch, when multiple bit rate encodings areavailable.

Upon reception of content segments, the edge device 530 may modulate thedata of the content segments and transmit the data for reception by aQAM tuner, or any other type of tuner, such as may be provided bygateway interface device 532, which may correspond to the gatewayinterface device 111 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating an example method 600in accordance with one or more disclosed features described herein. Inone or more embodiments, the method illustrated in FIG. 6 and/or one ormore steps thereof may be performed by one or more computing devices(e.g., edge gateway 320, gateway interface device 111, set-top box 113,interface 110, and the like). In other embodiments, the methodillustrated in FIG. 6 and/or one or more steps thereof may be embodiedin computer-executable instructions that are stored in acomputer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readablememory. The steps in this flow diagram need not all be performed in theorder specified and some steps may be omitted and/or changed in order.

At step 602, a manifest file may be retrieved, for example, by edgegateway 320. As described above, the method of FIG. 6 may be performedby various devices. An edge gateway 320 will be used in the followingdescription in order to ease understanding by the reader. In someembodiments, the manifest file may represent access informationassociated with segments for a particular program. In some embodiments,the edge gateway may have been configured to retrieve one or moremanifest files. In some embodiments, the edge gateway may receive arequest for a particular channel and the retrieval of the manifest filemay be responsive to the request.

At step 604, the edge gateway may retrieve one or more segments, basedon information in the manifest file. For example, the manifest file maycontain pointers, such as URLs, which point to segments of encodedcontent of a channel. In some embodiments, for any content segment, theedge gateway may retrieve one or more segments with various bit rateencodings and/or quality levels, as indicated in the manifest file.

In some embodiments, a particular bit rate encoded segment may beselected for retrieval based on a network condition between the edgegateway and the location from where the segment is to be retrieved from.For example, if the network is experiencing congestion, a segment with alower bit rate encoding may be selected because it may be retrieved morequickly and may help keep the flow of information to a viewer. In otherembodiments, a particular bit rate encoded segment may be selected forretrieval based on a network condition between the edge gateway 320 andthe edge device 330. For example, if the utilization of thecommunication pathway between the edge gateway 320 and the edge device330 has reached a threshold, a segment with a lower bit rate encodingmay be retrieved because it may require less bandwidth when transmittedvia the communication pathway.

In some embodiments, a segment having a particular quality level, forexample, as indicated by a quality indicator in the manifest file, maybe selected for retrieval based on a network condition between the edgegateway 320 and the location from where the segment is to be retrievedfrom. In other embodiments, a segment having a particular quality levelmay be selected for retrieval based on a network condition between theedge gateway 320 and the edge device 330. For example, if theutilization of the communication pathway between the edge gateway 320and the edge device 330 has reached a threshold, a segment with a lowerquality level may be retrieved. Selection of segments with a lowerquality level may conserve communications bandwidth while maintaining aquality of the content itself, for example, a resolution of a videoprogram may be maintained at a level acceptable to a user.

At step 606, the selected segment may be retrieved. In some embodiments,the segment may be retrieved from an origin server by use of an HTTP GETmessage.

At step 608, the segment may be transmitted, for example, bymulticasting the segment to a pre-configured multicast address. In someembodiments, the segment may be transmitted by broadcasting the segmentto a broadcast address. In other embodiments, the segment may betransmitted via unicast.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating an example method 700in accordance with one or more disclosed features described herein. Inone or more embodiments, the method illustrated in FIG. 7 and/or one ormore steps thereof may be performed by one or more computing devices(e.g., edge gateway 320, and the like). In other embodiments, the methodillustrated in FIG. 7 and/or one or more steps thereof may be embodiedin computer-executable instructions that are stored in acomputer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readablememory. The steps in this flow diagram need not all be performed in theorder specified and some steps may be omitted and/or changed in order.

At step 702, a manifest file may be retrieved. In some embodiments, amanifest file may be associated with programming content of a channel.In some embodiments, a request may be received to indicate that aparticular channel is needed and the manifest file may be retrieved inresponse to the request. In other embodiments, a configuration file maybe accessed to determine that a particular channel is needed and themanifest file may be retrieved in response to the determining.

At step 704, a utilization of an output network may be determined. Forexample, when the method is implemented in an edge gateway 320, autilization of the network between the edge gateway and another device,such as an edge device 330 or a home gateway device may be determined.

At step 706, it may be determined whether or not a bandwidth utilizationthreshold has been reached on the output network. For example, it may bedetermined whether or not a bandwidth utilization threshold has beenreached on a network used for multicast, unicast and/or broadcastcommunications between an edge gateway 320 and an edge device 330. Insome embodiments, it may be determined whether a bandwidth utilizationthreshold would be reached if a content segment having particular bitrate encoding is transmitted. If it is determined that a bandwidthlimitation may exist, the method may continue at step 708 where a lowerbit rate encoded segment may be retrieved. If it is determined that abandwidth limitation does not exist, the method may continue at step710, where a segment maintaining a current level of bit rate encodingmay be retrieved.

At step 712, the segment retrieved in step 708 or step 710 may be outputon the output network, for example, streamed via multicast. In variousembodiments, the segment retrieved in step 708 or step 710 may be outputon the output network via unicast or broadcast.

The above steps may be simultaneously taking place for any number ofchannels. The method as described above discloses a form of statisticalmultiplexing where channel segments are selected to maximize use of anoutput network while providing the highest bit rate encoding in order tomaximize quality of content presentation.

FIG. 8 is an exemplary flow diagram illustrating an example method 800in accordance with one or more disclosed features described herein. Inone or more embodiments, the method illustrated in FIG. 8 and/or one ormore steps thereof may be performed by one or more computing devices(e.g., edge gateway 320, and the like). In other embodiments, the methodillustrated in FIG. 8 and/or one or more steps thereof may be embodiedin computer-executable instructions that are stored in acomputer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readablememory. The steps in this flow diagram need not all be performed in theorder specified and some steps may be omitted and/or changed in order.

At step 802, a manifest file may be retrieved. In some embodiments, amanifest file may be associated with programming content of a channel.In some embodiments, a request may be received to indicate that aparticular channel is needed and the manifest file may be retrieved inresponse to the request. In other embodiments, a configuration file maybe accessed to determine that a particular channel is needed and themanifest file may be retrieved in response to the determining.

At step 804, a utilization of an output network may be determined. Forexample, when the method is implemented in an edge gateway 320, autilization of the network (e.g. the communication pathway) between theedge gateway 320 and another device, such as an edge device 330 or ahome gateway device may be determined.

At step 806, it may be determined whether or not a bandwidth utilizationthreshold has been reached on the output network. For example, it may bedetermined whether or not a bandwidth utilization threshold has beenreached on a network used for communications between an edge gateway 320and an edge device 330. If it is determined that a bandwidth limitationmay exist, the method may continue at step 808 where a segment having alower quality may be retrieved. If it is determined that a bandwidthlimitation does not exist, the method may continue at step 810, where asegment maintaining a current quality level may be retrieved.

At step 812, the segment retrieved in step 808 or step 810 may be outputon the output network, for example, streamed via multicast, unicast orbroadcast.

The above steps may be simultaneously taking place for any number ofchannels. The method as described above discloses a form of ABRmultiplexing where channel segments are selected to maximize use of anoutput network while providing a determined quality of contentpresentation.

As will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the methods describedherein allow several improvements to existing networks supportingdistribution of content from channels. For example, a simplified networkconfiguration may be used to deliver VOD and linear channel content.Since advertisement insertion can be done in the edge gateway before theoutput stream has been multiplexed, the replacement or insertion ofadvertisements is simplified. In addition, network bandwidth utilizationcan be maintained below a threshold using the methods disclosed herein.

The descriptions above are merely example embodiments of variousconcepts. They may be rearranged/divided/combined as desired, and one ormore components or steps may be added or removed without departing fromthe spirit of the present disclosure. The scope of this patent shouldonly be determined by the claims that follow.

1. A method comprising: requesting, by an edge gateway device, amanifest file, wherein the manifest file comprises segment informationassociated with segments of first content; determining, based on thesegment information, a first segment among a plurality of segments,wherein the plurality of segments comprises a plurality of mediaencodings of a first portion of the first content, wherein each of theplurality of media encodings is encoded at a different bit rate;retrieving the first segment via a first communication pathway; andtransmitting the first segment to an edge device via a secondcommunication pathway.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the requestingthe manifest file is in response to receiving a request for the firstcontent from the edge device or from a gateway interface device.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the segment information comprises a pluralityof quality indicators corresponding to the plurality of segments andwherein the determining the first segment among the plurality ofsegments comprises determining the first segment based on the pluralityof quality indicators.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein each of theplurality of quality indicators is associated with a correspondingsegment of the plurality of segments and is based at least on a bit rateencoding and a scene complexity of the corresponding segment.
 5. Themethod of claim 3, wherein the determining the first segment based onthe plurality of quality indicators comprises: determining the firstsegment based on a first quality indicator when a network utilizationassociated with the second communication pathway is below a threshold;and determining the first segment based on a second quality indicatorwhen the network utilization associated with the second communicationpathway is not below the threshold, wherein the second quality indicatorindicates a quality level lower than the first quality indicator.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: requesting a second manifestfile, wherein the second manifest file comprises segment informationassociated with segments of second content; determining, based on thesegment information associated with the segments of second content, asecond content segment among a plurality of second content segments,wherein the plurality of second content segments comprises a pluralityof media encodings of a first portion of the second content, whereineach of the plurality of media encodings of the first portion of thesecond content is encoded at a different bit rate; retrieving the secondcontent segment via the first communication pathway; and transmittingthe second content segment via the second communication pathway.
 7. Themethod of claim 6, wherein the determining the second content segmentfurther comprises determining the second content segment based on anetwork utilization associated with the second communication pathway. 8.The method of claim 7, wherein the network utilization associated withthe second communication pathway exceeds a threshold, the determiningthe second content segment further comprising: determining the secondcontent segment by identifying a content segment, among the plurality ofsecond content segments, encoded at a quality level lower than a qualitylevel of the first segment when a number of users consuming the secondcontent is less than a number of users consuming the first content. 9.The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to transmittingthe first segment, determining, based on the segment information, anopportunity for segment insertion; accessing a second segment for use insegment insertion; and transmitting the second segment via the secondcommunication pathway.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:determining, based on the segment information, that a second segment ofthe first content comprises a replaceable segment; determining a thirdsegment for use as a replacement segment, wherein segment informationcorresponding to the third segment is not included in the manifest file;and transmitting the third segment via the second communication pathway.11. The method of claim 10, wherein the third segment comprises at leasta portion of a local advertisement.
 12. A method comprising: receiving,by a computing device via an access network, a manifest file comprisingaccess information for a portion of content, wherein the portion ofcontent is available as a first segment having a first bit rate encodingand as a second segment having a second bit rate encoding; determining,based on a network utilization associated with an output network, onesegment of the first segment and the second segment; retrieving the onesegment; and transmitting the one segment via the output network. 13.The method of claim 12, wherein the second bit rate encoding is lowerthan the first bit rate encoding, the determining further comprising:determining the second segment having the second bit rate encoding whenthe network utilization associated with the output network exceeds athreshold.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the manifest file furthercomprises a first quality indicator associated with the first segmentand a second quality indicator associated with the second segment,wherein the second quality indicator indicates a quality level lowerthan the first quality indicator, the determining further comprising:when the network utilization associated with the output network exceedsa threshold, determining the second segment based on the second qualityindicator.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the first qualityindicator is based at least on the first bit rate encoding and a scenecomplexity associated with the first segment and the second qualityindicator is based at least on the second bit rate encoding and a scenecomplexity associated with the second segment.
 16. A method comprising:receiving, by a computing device, a manifest file comprising accessinformation for a portion of content, wherein the portion of content isavailable as a first segment having a first bit rate encoding and as asecond segment having a second bit rate encoding, lower than the firstbit rate encoding, and wherein the access information comprises anindicator indicative of a scene complexity of the portion of content;determining, based on the indicator, one segment of the first segmentand the second segment; retrieving the one segment; and transmitting theone segment via an output network.
 17. The method of claim 16, whereinthe determining the one segment further comprises: determining the onesegment to be the first segment when the indicator indicates that thescene complexity is above a threshold; and determining the one segmentto be the second segment when the indicator indicates that the scenecomplexity is not above the threshold.
 18. The method of claim 16,wherein the determining the one segment further comprises: determiningthe one segment to be the first segment when a network utilizationassociated with the output network is below a threshold; and determiningthe one segment to be the second segment when the network utilizationassociated with the output network is not below the threshold.
 19. Themethod of claim 16, wherein when a network utilization associated withthe output network is above a threshold, the determining the one segmentfurther comprises: determining the one segment to be the first segmentwhen a popularity associated with the portion of content is above athreshold; and determining the one segment to be the second segment whenthe popularity associated with the portion of content is not above thethreshold.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein when a networkutilization associated with the output network is above a threshold, thedetermining the one segment further comprises: determining the onesegment of the first segment and the second segment based on ageographic region associated with intended recipients of the portion ofcontent.